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Depression Boosts Risk of Second Heart Attach Even Years After The First One, Researchers Say
| Author: Tony Cappasso |
| Article Date: 5/1/2008 |
Doctors have known for some time now that depressed heart attack patients have a higher risk for sudden death in the months following a heart attack.
Now a team led by researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has found that the risk in depressed patients continues higher for many years.
'There's a two- to four-fold increase in a person's risk of dying following a heart attack if they also happen to be depressed,' says Robert. M. Carney, Ph.D., lead author of the new study and professor of psychiatry at Washington University. 'Previously we thought the impact of depression was strongest for the first three to six months following a heart attack and then gradually dropped off within a couple of years. Instead, we found that the effect lasts for at least five years.'
Carney, with colleagues from Duke University Medical Center, Harvard University, Yale University, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NIH) and the Mayo Clinic, followed more than 750 heart attack patients for five years. The findings will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Affective Disorders and are currently available online.
Patients followed in the study had participated in the NIH-funded project Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD). A little less than half were diagnosed with depression.
In the five years following a heart attack, 106 patients died. Of those, 62 had been diagnosed with depression, while 44 had not. In gauging the effects of depression, the investigators also considered other risks including age, smoking, hypertension, gender and diabetes.
Some of those factors, like younger age and female gender, lower mortality risk. Smoking and diabetes tend to raise the risk of dying. Carney says his team used statistical methods to evaluate the ways in which the various factors influenced mortality risk. Then they removed the influence of all other factors from the risk equation in order to consider the statistical impact of depression itself.
'We found that after adjusting for those risk factors, depression continues to play a statistically significant role,' he says.
One possible explanation for depression's lingering influence on mortality is its recurring nature. Because the disorder can come and go over many years, it also may continue to increase the risk of death for many years.
'People typically are depressed for a while, then they'll either get better with treatment or it may subside on its own,' Carney says. 'But depression can always recur, and we think that because it is a recurring problem, whatever depression is doing to mortality risk after a heart attack, it continues doing for quite a long time.'
Carney's team also found that any clinically relevant depression increases the risk of death in heart attack patients. The risk was elevated both for patients with major depression, which requires the presence of five or more symptoms, and minor depression, which requires between two and four symptoms for diagnosis. Major depression was associated with higher risk, but minor depression also was associated with a significant increase in mortality risk.
Source: Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Mar. 03, 2008.
Now a team led by researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has found that the risk in depressed patients continues higher for many years.
'There's a two- to four-fold increase in a person's risk of dying following a heart attack if they also happen to be depressed,' says Robert. M. Carney, Ph.D., lead author of the new study and professor of psychiatry at Washington University. 'Previously we thought the impact of depression was strongest for the first three to six months following a heart attack and then gradually dropped off within a couple of years. Instead, we found that the effect lasts for at least five years.'
Carney, with colleagues from Duke University Medical Center, Harvard University, Yale University, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NIH) and the Mayo Clinic, followed more than 750 heart attack patients for five years. The findings will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Affective Disorders and are currently available online.
Patients followed in the study had participated in the NIH-funded project Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD). A little less than half were diagnosed with depression.
In the five years following a heart attack, 106 patients died. Of those, 62 had been diagnosed with depression, while 44 had not. In gauging the effects of depression, the investigators also considered other risks including age, smoking, hypertension, gender and diabetes.
Some of those factors, like younger age and female gender, lower mortality risk. Smoking and diabetes tend to raise the risk of dying. Carney says his team used statistical methods to evaluate the ways in which the various factors influenced mortality risk. Then they removed the influence of all other factors from the risk equation in order to consider the statistical impact of depression itself.
'We found that after adjusting for those risk factors, depression continues to play a statistically significant role,' he says.
One possible explanation for depression's lingering influence on mortality is its recurring nature. Because the disorder can come and go over many years, it also may continue to increase the risk of death for many years.
'People typically are depressed for a while, then they'll either get better with treatment or it may subside on its own,' Carney says. 'But depression can always recur, and we think that because it is a recurring problem, whatever depression is doing to mortality risk after a heart attack, it continues doing for quite a long time.'
Carney's team also found that any clinically relevant depression increases the risk of death in heart attack patients. The risk was elevated both for patients with major depression, which requires the presence of five or more symptoms, and minor depression, which requires between two and four symptoms for diagnosis. Major depression was associated with higher risk, but minor depression also was associated with a significant increase in mortality risk.
Source: Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Mar. 03, 2008.